Keen and able

Malay Desai

This World Disability Day, we looked back at five memorable characters in films on disability… and reflect upon what we can seek from them.

‘The International Day of People with Disability’, ever since United Nations put it on the global calendar, falls on December 3 every year, and unlike its predecessor of two days, the World Aids Day, goes largely unnoticed in our part of the world.

Issues related to disability need not make it to mainstream news and discussions only after cases of discrimination or crimes, for we Indians have good reason to talk about and get sensitized to some facts. Facts such as the 70-100 million disabled citizens of our country.

Without any more statistical details to intimidate you, here we present our favourite picks of film characters; those who’re not necessarily disabled themselves, but have given away a crucial lesson or two through their films. Beware, this list is only indicative and post year 2000, for a fresher recall. For best results, call your local DVD parlour and revisit these masterpieces.

1. Jean Dominique – The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

Lauded as one of the greatest films on disability of all time, this Belgian drama is the true story of the extraordinary life of French magazine editor Jean Dominique, who suffers a stroke and finds himself ‘trapped in’ a completely paralysed body – but for his left eye.

Jean’s character, who is grappling through the film to accomplish and publish a book simply by batting his eyelid to communicate with his people, is one of the most inspiring ones you’ll see on screen. His therapist is an epitome of patience too, for reciting the entire alphabet repeatedly to wait for his ‘blink’.

Jean managed to write, edit and published his book.. and in the process also brought together his ex and current lovers, aged father and children. He died days after publishing it. The lesson: impossible is nothing!

2. Joseph Braganza – Khamoshi

Closer home, we dare not leave out one of Bollywood’s most endearing disabled characters – Nana Patekar’s Goan man of the musical Khamoshi. Credit to his incredible acting or to director Bhansali for etching out an in-depth character, but truth is that Mr Braganza taught many of us how to emote, and that there is no such thing as too much emotion.

Braganza, a deaf father and husband amidst tough domestic relationships, introduced the masses to the charms of the Indian Sign Language. That said, he also let his eyes do the talking… and crying too, bucketfuls of it.

Next time you see your child achieve/lose anything, be sure to let them tears flow like nobody’s watching. It’s a therapy that will win you many friends, and bring you closer to yourself!

3. Driss – The Intouchables

Earlier this year, a French film about a quadriplegic man and his relationship with his caretaker fleeted by our urban theatres, and chances are that you might’ve not heard of it at all.

Driss is a broke black man newly hired by an aristocrat for his personal upkeep as he has quadriplegia. The former, simply by being his brash, unapologetic and casual self, wins over the heart of his boss and others; and embarks upon many self-discovering adventures too. Like the Diving Bell, this one’s a true story too!

The lesson – you need not study protocol or think twice before interacting or forming new equations with disabled persons. A healthy dose of humour, friendship – even if insensitive – is preferable over ignorance.

4. Barfi

So much has been written and talked about Ranbir Kapoor’s portrayal of a deaf character that we thought it won’t be worth featuring it here; but  testing your retention capacities is worth it!

It’s a fact that unlike Barfi, most men with verbal or auditory impairments lack the panache and confidence to begin conversations with strangers or make the mischief he does in the film. But the point to be taken here is – they can be as flirtatious, friendly or conniving as any guy next door. Bring them out of their shell, using sign language is a good hook to do so!

Besides, thanks to some responsible film making, we learnt through Barfi that mockery or sympathy have no place in interactions with disabled persons.

5. Nikumbh sir – Taare Zameen Par

Finally, we must invoke our man Aamir’s character in the 2007 film to wind up this list. Firstly, here was a ‘hero’ of Indian cinema who’s not into daredevilry, but is a simple, passionate teacher. Nikumbh sir, through his sensitive attitude and body language in class (we saw much of that in Aamir Khan himself in Satyamev Jayate this year), won over the hearts of many.

Perhaps the most impact this pretty old-fashioned teacher with new values had was in the scenes when he roars at parents of the autistic child for being regressive. His words were lessons in parenting to many – especially to those who see their children as ‘investments’ – ready to push them into the most ‘lucrative’ fields.

Respecting each child’s uniqueness and abilities, whether he/she’s disabled or not, was Nikumbh sir’s biggest lesson, which is worth re-visiting regularly in India!

(An initiative of Trinayani, a nonprofit NGO founded by Ritika Sahni, the THIS ABILITY articles celebrates the intriguing lives of persons with disabilities. Trinayani works towards Disability Awareness and Support, communicating through workshops/seminars, print, radio, films and other electronic media.  Visit www.trinayani.org or write to us at trinayani.contact@gmail.com)

The Articles in the Series “This-Ability” are copyrighted material of Trinayani.  This Blog is carrying the series on the request of Ritika Sahni, Founder Trinayani.  Any queries or request to publish these articles please contact Ritika Sahni. The owner of this Blog is not responsible for any copyright infringement

Nilesh Singit

HC to rlys:Care for the differently-abled

Urvi Mahajani

Asking the Railways to be sensitive towards the needs of the differently-abled, the Bombay high court on Monday asked the body to address two primary issues immediately — disabled-friendly toilets and ticket windows of a lower level to make it accessible for a wheelchair-bound person.

The court was hearing a public interest litigation (PIL) filed by India Centre for Human Rights, an NGO, in 2007, seeking easy access for differently-abled persons to the railway platforms in the city.

A division bench of chief justices Mohit Shah and Roshan Dalvi has asked the court-appointed committee to devise a plan for implementing the 1998 government resolution which recommends establishing of disabled-friendly toilets and lower level ticket window at all city stations.

In October 2011, the HC had appointed a committee – one from the petitioner NGO, an officer from the accounts department, one engineer and three officers each from the Western and Central Railways – to come up with solutions for problems faced by the differently-abled.

“Without telling you (Railways), your officers should address the issues. You know your own recommendation since 1998. Why should someone else point it out to you?” asked chief justice.

The 1998 GR was pointed out by Kranti LC, advocate for the NGO, saying that the Railways have not been taking the initiative for making the platforms disabled-friendly.
Kranti pointed out that some of their NGO’s members had taken a survey of 104 stations. “Only 3% of toilets are accessible to the disabled,” he said. He further pointed out that in their July 2011 affidavit, they had suggested that slopes for access to platforms were too steep at several stations and this had not been rectified.

Beni Chatterji and Suresh Kumar – counsels for the Western railways – said that the NGO should point out the deficiencies to them and they would then take necessary actions. To this, chief justice frowned and said, “Why should anyone point out deficiencies? That’s why we have constituted the committee. What have you been doing?”

Chatterji assured the court that this time they would definitely look into their grievances. The chief justice suggested that Chatterji remain present in the next committee meeting.

Directing the railways to give priorities to the issues of toilets and lower ticket windows, the court has asked the railways to submit an Action Taken Report on the next date of hearing on March 1.

DNA, Mumbay

Set up a ministry for disability: Javed Adibi

In an exclusive interview, Javed Adibi director, National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP) in India, and the founder of the Disability Rights Group, shares his views on the shape of disability movement in India with BS Manjunath.

Javed has been a wheelchair-user since the age of 15. He is also a successful freelance political journalist and was approached in 1993 by Sonia Gandhi to head the disabilities unit of the newly established Rajeev Gandhi Foundation. His efforts and determination resulted in the passing of India’s Disability Act of 1995, giving legal protection and support to the disabled. Prior to the Act, disabled citizens in India had no legal recourse to demand significant, lasting changes from both the public and private sectors. Among other social protections, the Act provides economic incentives for businesses that hire disabled employees, and allows funding for improved accessibility to public buildings and institutions.

Q. I remember you had conveyed your displeasure about the previous year’s budget to Prime Minister, how do you rate the 2011-12 budget?

Javed Abidi - This year’s budget is a big disappointment to the disabled community.  Lot of promises made during 11th five year plan is not emphasized in the budget such as recognition of sign language, or starting a national centre for universal design. I would say there was no word in this year’s budget on disability. In terms of customer service, accessibility, and concession, even the Railway budget was more disabled friendly. Railway Minister has sanctioned concession for disabled citizens in Rajadani and other fast trains. On the scale of ten, I would give 5 or 6 to the railway budget.

Q. What are the reactions you have received from census commissioners? How do you think the census would help in framing immediate agenda?

Javed Abidi - We have received mixed reactions from the census commissioners, both positive and negative. In Punjab the enumerators did not count the institutionalized children. In other places the enumerator have done and collected all the relevant data. Once the exact number of disabled persons in the country is established, it would help in framing the future agenda and allocation of resources.

Q. On the last World Disability Day you had a silent protest outside India Gate with many demands, are any of them being fulfilled?

Javed Abidi - Our prime demand is to set up a separate ministry for disability. We are awaiting the response from the government.

Q. On the one hand there are genuine organizations that are striving for the welfare of the differently-abled, whereas few years back several NGO’s were black listed under violation of FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) what are your views on this issue?

Javed Abidi - Social sector is just like any other sector. Though we can’t make any sweeping judgment on this issue, those who are involved should be punished and those who are involved in noble work like advocacy, service should be rewarded.

Q. Once you commented that the disability movement in India has not grown as powerful as dalit movement or any other movement. Don’t you think it’s due to the lack of communication?

Javed Abidi – Firstly the disability is itself one of the crucial factors, and secondly the movement was unorganized. These are the two primary reasons for the disability movement in India for not becoming as vibrant or powerful a movement as other.

Q. Recently Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) started a course in special education for mainstream teachers. Do you think courses like this will help? Is there shortage of special teachers?

Javed Abidi - I strongly believe in inclusive education. Every drop in the ocean is welcome, if IGNOU, or Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) is starting a special course, they are a welcome step. Coming to second part of your question, there is definitely huge dearth of resources.

BS MANJUNATH | The Sunday Indian

Study of disability should be part of college syllabi: Chief justice

Mayura Janwalkar

It is the study of disability that needs to be a part of medical college syllabi and not just the medical condition, chief justice (CJ) Mohit Shah of the Bombay high court said on Saturday. For the first time, the high court interacted with nearly 60 government officers and NGO representatives together to discuss issues related to disabilities. Major General (retd) Ian Cardozo of the Rehabilitation Council of India informed CJ Shah and justice SJ Vajifdar that candidates from the reserved quota for the disabled are often turned down by government doctors. CJ Shah remarked, "We will ask the Medical Council of India to make the study of disability a part of their syllabus.""

Centre to be answerable

Bhushan Punani of the Blind People’s Association said the centre allocates funds for development in the disability field to state governments each year. However, principal secretary of the social justice and welfare department Satish Gavai said these funds are not adequately allocated. The court has issued a show cause notice to the centre.

Technology needed

Advocate Kanchan Pamnani said that of the 3% of government posts reserved for the disabled, 1% are reserved for the visually challenged. Professor Sam Taraporevala made a presentation of various softwares which, if made available by the government, can be used by the visually challenged to enhance their efficiency. "Reservation is meaningless if the software is not provided by the government," CJ Shah said.

What’s in a name?

Due to a difference in nomenclature of central and state government posts reserved for disabled candidates, there is a backlog of 607 posts in the state. Issuing a show cause notice to the state government, the court also sought a compilation of government resolutions, including the resolution of February 2008 that bars blind candidates from teaching in colleges. Advocate Jamshed Mistry said that the government’s decisions need periodical reviews and a time-frame for implementation.
Attitude change needed

Advocate general Ravi Kadam said, "Unless the mindset changes at our end, there is going to be no real change," Kadam said. CJ Shah added, "In the West, legislation mandates testing for disabilities at birth. If it is made compulsory, remedial measures can be taken immediately. I would like the government to consider this very seriously," The court was informed that such detection was a part of the government’s draft action plan.

DNA

Centre Invites Proposals from States for Giving Central Assistance to the tune of Rs. 100 Crore to Provide Barrier free Environment in Govt Buildings and to Make Government Websites Accessible to Persons With Disabilities

The Centre has invited proposals from States to give central assistance to provide barrier free environment in important State Government buildings in the State Secretariat, Collectorates, Main Hospitals, Universities and other important Government offices to ensure that these are accessible to the Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).  Central assistance will also be given to make Government Websites at the State and District levels accessible to PwDs as per guidelines for Indian Government Websites issued by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances.Proposals from States have been invited by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment under the “Scheme for Implementation of PwD Act, 1995 (SIPDA)” after effecting a major increase in the annual allocation under this Scheme from Rs. 15-20 crore in the past to Rs. 100 crore this year.

The Ministry has made a notional allocation to the States based upon their population of PwDs as per Census, 2001 and has requested them to sent proposals on that basis. For example, a notional allocation of Rs. 16.50 crore has been made for Uttar Pradesh, 8.90 crore for West Bengal, 7.90 crore for Tamil Nadu, 7.60 crore for Maharashtra, 6.70 crore for Madhya Pradesh and 6.60 crore for Andhra Pradesh. Similar notional allocations have also been communicated to other States based on their population of PwDs.

It may be recalled that the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), 2008, to which India is a signatory, calls for making buildings, work places, facilities including information, communication and other services etc accessible to PwDs on an equal basis. The Union Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment, Shri Mukul Wasnik, had written to the Chief Ministers of all States earlier this year urging them to make the important buildings and websites of the State Government accessible to People with disabilities in a time bound manner.

Central assistance on significant scale is provided to states under “Scheme for Implementation of PwD Act, 1995 (SIPDA) to encourage them to move in that direction.

VBA

How families and coteries are ruining disabled sports in India

The disability sports sector in India seems to be in gross disarray with the administration of the sector in the stranglehold of a coterie of people who seem to have no interest in either the disabled or in sports. National disabled sporting federations seem to be run like mom-and-pop outfits with hardly any national character.Yet, not only does the sports ministry seem blind to such obvious  mismanagement, it  seems to be actively funding and perpetuating these outfits shelling out public money in crores every year to these organisations in the name of promoting sports for the disabled.

The rot seems to start right from the apex body of disability sports, the Paralympic Committee of India (PCI). The PCI is headed by the president Ratan Singh whose son Amar Singh is the vice-president.  Amar Singh’s son, Raghavendra Singh is an escort or so-called professional masseuse for disabled sports teams. He is too young with no professional qualification to be a sports masseur. Yet, he gets selected, despite qualified persons in sports medicine with  professional training in sports massage being  available, says a disabled sportsperson on conditions of anonymity. Sportspersons are scared of speaking out against the office bearers who have a vice-like grip over their sporting  careers, a threat they seem to use to good  effect in keeping them from protesting.

When contacted, Ratan Singh admitted to the problem of office bearers signing up as escorts and managers.  “Office bearers accompany teams as they can sort out any problem easily. I can do little about this. But as you can see, my son and I are not signed up for any team. My grandson is there for being a qualified masseuse. I did not make the selection,” said Singh.

Every single office bearer of PCI has listed himself as manager or escort with various teams accompanying them to countries   like the US, Germany, Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia, Spain and so on. KR Shankar Iyer, the treasurer of PCI, is listed as an escort for the athletics and volleyball teams and manager for the wheelchair fencing team. CV Raghunath,
administrator of PCI, is listed as an escort for athletics, volleyball and the powerlifting teams. M Mahadev, the secretary of the PCI, is listed to accompany the athletics and volleyball teams.

The office bearers of national federations for each sport do what is done in PCI, which is to list themselves as escorts and managers or appoint themselves as the coach and take their wives along as escorts. Quite understandably, these so-called coaches, managers and escorts are of little help to the disabled sportspeople when they go abroad as they are allegedly too busy on jaunts and sightseeing with their wives and  friends who accompany them as team escorts.  Each so-called national federation is single-city based, filled with people from the same city and no national representation. For instance, powerlifting is run from Nagpur, swimming from Gwalior and athletics from Bangalore. The PCI, the overarching national body for all disability sports is controlled by a bunch of people in Bangalore.

The selection of sportspersons from all over the country for different sports is decided by small coteries of people of one city and allegations of irregularities in selection are common. It is the sportspersons who suffer the consequences of such mismanagement. Last month, the athletics team that was supposed to be in Germany for an international meet could not go as those responsible did not apply for the visa in time.

Most teams don’t even have basic sports equipment such as the swimming team not have approved swimming costumes or the table tennis team does not have wheelchairs.

Despite these malpractices being pretty obvious in the team lists for each sport submitted by PCI to the ministry as Long Term Development Plan 2010, the sports ministry seems oblivious to it and the allocation to these federations has been rising steadily every year going from about Rs 10 lakh in 2005 to over Rs 5 crore in 2010.

(Source: Long  Term Development Plan 2010 submitted by PCI to sports  ministry)

List of office bearers of various sports

ATHLETICS

  • Raghavendra Singh, escort: Grandson of PCI president, Ratan Singh and son of Amar Singh, PCI vice-president
  • M Mahadev, team manager: Secretary of PCI
  • David Premnath, coach: General secretary of Wheelchair Basketball Federation of India
  • CV Raghunath, escort: Administrator of PCI
  • Diana Joyline D’Souza, escort: Was personal secretary to PCI president
  • KR Shankar, escort: Treasurer of PCI

SWIMMING

  • VK Dabas, coach: Secretary of Paralympic Swimming Federation of India, also runs Paralympic Committee of Madhya Pradesh
  • Saroj Dabas, escort: Wife of VK Dabas
  • Suresh Kalra, escort: President of PSFI
  • Lalit Gupta, escort: Vice-president of PSFI

VOLLEYBALL

  • H Chandrashekar, cpach: Secretary of Volleyball Federation
  • M Mahadev, escort: Secretary of PCI
  • Chandrashekar, escort: Joint secretary of PCI

WHEELCHAIR FENCING

KR Shankar Iyer, manager: Treasurer of PCI

POWERLIFTING

  • Vijay B Munishwar, coach: President of Paralympic Powerlifting Federation and also runs Maharashtra State Paralympic Association
  • Deepali Munishwar, escort: Wife of Munishwar
  • CV Raghunath, escort: Administrator of PCI

TABLE TENNIS

  • R Murali, coach: Secretary of Paralympic TT Federation
  • Gopal Babu, escort: Member of executive committee, PTTFI
  • Shashikala Babu, escort: Wife of Gopal Babu
  • Satyanarayana, manager: President of PTTFI

Advocates laud parking bill

NEAL P. GOSWAMI
Thursday June 24, 2010

BENNINGTON — Illegally parking in spots reserved for people with disabilities will soon cost offenders a lot more.  Lawmakers joined law enforcement officials and advocates Thursday in hailing passage of Act 82, recently signed into law, which doubles the fine for illegally parking in a disabled spot from $100 to $200. The law and the increase takes effect on July 1.  The Vermont Center for Independent Living, a statewide disability rights organization, advocated for the legislation. Bennington County Sen. Dick Sears, a Democrat, sponsored the bill and helped shepherd it through the  House and Senate. VCIL Vice President Sam Liss credited Sears as the driving force behind the bill’s passage.

‘Constituent-driven’

The “constituent-driven” legislation was “lost with all of the discussion about texting and cell phones” during the legislative session, but an important bill for lawmakers, Sears said.  “I hope that this law will help the situation and I’m really appreciative that both our local, county and state police departments are behind this bill,” Sears said.  Liss said the bill will increase awareness because of the increased fine.  “Most of us never have to think about going shopping, going to a park or going out for entertainment other than the thoughts about having to circle the parking lot hoping for a closer space. But for many of our friends parking is an issue of greater importance,” Liss said. “Act 82 appears to be  about money… but it is about much more. This act is about awareness, about inclusion, about making sure that all  Vermonters can get to where they want and need to go. This fine is like all others, a consequence for ignoring the law.”  The legislation had received widespread support in Bennington County and throughout Vermont from law enforcement.

Vermont State Police Lt. Reginald Trayah, commander of the Shaftsbury barracks, was assigned by the state police to look into the bill. “As soon as it came across my desk, immediately I had a great deal of support for this. This will give us the opportunity to provide more access to individuals who need it, not only in Bennington County but the entire state.”  Meanwhile, Bennington County Sheriff Chad Schmidt said enforcement of parking violations will increase.  “In the past, we haven’t been as vigilant in enforcing these types of offenses,” he said. “I am pledging to you today that the sheriff’s
department will be more vigilant in our efforts and we will enforce these types of offenses.”

Bennington Police Chief Richard Gauthier said his department would enhance enforcement, too. “We will renew our efforts,” he said.  Vermont law requires that parking lots on the premises of public buildings must include at least the same number of parking spaces required by the Americans with Disabilities Act. The new state law clarifies that the parking spaces must be marked clearly by visible signs.  Sears said the sign requirements will help clarify which spots are intended for people with disabilities. Sears said he nearly violated the law recently because there was no indication the spot was intended to be for someone with a disability.  “With Senate plates … and after sponsoring this bill, the last thing you want to do is get a ticket for parking in a handicapped spot,” Sears said.

Contact Neal P. Goswami at ngoswami@benningtonbanner.com

Rejig of discrimination laws should enshrine equality for all

DOMINIQUE ALLEN
May 3, 2010

The government needs to back its words on human rights with action.

THE Rudd government recently said it would review the four federal anti-discrimination laws with a view to merging  them into a single act.  The review could be the most significant aspect of the government’s new  human rights  framework – but only if the outcome is a law that will effectively tackle inequality. Australian law has prohibited discrimination for more than 30 years. These laws have eradicated the most overt forms of discrimination. Women can’t be prevented from applying for jobs based on gender. People can’t be removed from a pub because of their race. We cannot afford to be complacent; by no means do we live in an equal society.  Women’s participation in the workforce is 58.7 per cent, compared with 72.1 per cent for men, most women work part-time and many industries remain highly segregated. Race discrimination persists. We only have to think of the recent attacks on Indian students in Melbourne or the fact that indigenous people experience a standard of living well below that of the non-indigenous population. A recent ANU study found that a job applicant with a non-Anglo-Saxon sounding name will find it much more difficult to  get a job interview than an applicant with one. People with a disability face many obstacles in accessing buildings,  services and public transport.

The reason for this discrimination is dealt with case by case. There is no institution, like the ACCC or the Ombudsman, that can make sure that people are given a ”fair go” at work or school, or in the services they receive. It is up to victims to do something about discrimination.  If I am discriminated against by a potential employer because I am female and likely to have children soon, my only option, apart from trying to sort the matter out with the employer, is to lodge a complaint with the Australian Human Rights Commission. The commission will arrange a conciliation conference for the parties and we’ll try to resolve the issue. The chances are we will. We’ll spend a few hours discussing what happened and I’ll walk away with a small financial settlement in return for not going to court and keeping the matter confidential. That will resolve the issue for me, but what if there are other women in the workplace who have had a similar experience? What about other employers who are considering doing the same thing? Will my complaint deter them?

The answer is that the system can do little to help people in a similar situation to mine, or to discourage potential discriminators. If the Rudd government simply decides to combine the race, sex, disability and age discrimination acts under one umbrella act, nothing will change; Australia will continue to tackle discrimination in a piecemeal fashion. There is another option. The government could commit to actively tackling inequality and introduce the legal tools to achieve it. This is not a novel idea. Other countries have been doing it for decades. In the US, at least since the Kennedy administration, government contractors have been required to take action to ensure their workforces are  representative, or they risk being ineligible for government contracts. In Northern Ireland, specific employers have been required to achieve fair participation of the Catholic and Protestant communities in the workforce since 1989. South Africa introduced similar requirements to remedy decades of apartheid. In Britain, equality is promoted beyond employment. Public authorities have to consider the need to promote equality of opportunity based on race, gender and disability when carrying out their functions. This meant that when the Department of Health became aware that diabetes was prevalent among Britain’s Afro-Caribbean community, it made sure that its national framework for  tackling diabetes took the needs of that community into consideration. The Rudd government could also follow Victoria’s lead. Just last month, the Victorian government introduced laws that will enable the Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission to launch investigations into persistent or entrenched discrimination, rather than relying solely on victims to do something about it. Following an investigation, the commission will work with the organisation to resolve the issue.

The organisation may only need to change its behaviour or it may agree to something more comprehensive, such as developing an action plan to eliminate discrimination. Australian governments were once leaders in promoting equality and protecting human rights on the international stage. Let’s not forget that South Australian women were the first women worldwide to be extended the franchise as well as being allowed to stand for election. The Rudd  government recently reasserted Australia’s commitment to protecting human rights by becoming one of the first countries to sign the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It’s time for this government to bring that commitment to equality home by introducing laws that actively promote equality and give substance to the catch cry, a ”fair go” for all.

Dr Dominique Allen is a research fellow at the Institute of Legal Studies, Australian Catholic University.